Friday, May 22, 2015

FILSAFAT (Pengaruh Teknologi Tehadap Keberadaan Filsafat)



BAGAIMANA BERFIKIR FILSAFAT

Berfikir filsafat dmulai dan ketidaktahuan, ketidakmengertian, keraguan, kebingungan, atau hal lain, yang menyebabkan orang tergugah untuk bertanya tentang keberadaan sesuatu, atau tentang suatu kejadian, atau bertanya tentang apa yang sebenar-benarnya benar dalam hidup atau dalam keberadaan dunia ini. Misalnya orang tertarik memikirkan apa yang dilihatnya tentang sebutan manusia sendiri. Ada orang yang mergukan tentang sebutan manusia untuk makhluk yang diri orang itu sendiri termasuk. Kalau dilihat dari apa yang tampak dapat dikatakan bahwa antara manusia yang satu dan yang lain tidak ada yang sama. Mengapa semuanya disebut manusia. Jawabanya tentu saja tidak dapat ditunjukan secara kasatmata, tetapi harus dicari dibalik yang kasatmata ini. Misalnya ada yang menjawab bahwa yang menyebabkan kita disebut manusia karena manusia dapat berfikir, kemampuan yang tidak dipunyai makhluk hidup yang lai. Namun jawaban yang diperoleh tidak terlalu seperti itu, mungkin ada jawaban yang lain, misalnya disebut mausia karena kepemilikan moral, atau makhluk yang paling pandai, paling terampil, dan masih banyak lagi jawaban yang dapat diberikan.

Persoalan lain yang dipikirkan manusia misalnya tentang asal mula sesuatu. Orang mungkin bertanya, misalnya dari mana manusia itu berasal. Kalau dijawab dari orang tuanya, lalu orang tua dari mana? Dari kakek-nenek. Kakek-nenek dari mana dan seterusnya. Orang tersebut mungkin belum puas kalau belum menemukan jawaban yang terakhir. Demikian juga kalau dijwab dari ajaran agama semua manusia berasal dari mana? Kalau dijawab dari Tuhan, Tuhan dari mana  dan seterusnya sampai tidak dapat ditanyakan lagi.

Contoh ain tentang apa yang mendorong manusia belajar, bekerja dan melakukan berbagai kegiatan yang lain. Penjelasan para psikolog secara umum adalah manusia berbuat karena adanya kemauan dan kemauan itu timbul karena ada kebutuhan. Kebutuhan muncul karena adanya dorongan (Drive) dan dorongan timbul karena nafsu. Sedangkan nafsu ada pada manusia karena keturunan melalui proses genetika. Sigmund Freud, tokoh yang mendapat predikat psikolog, psikiater, sosiolog dan juga filosof berpendapat bahwa “segala perbuatan manusia itu pada hakikatnya adalah upaya memenuhi kebutuhan, dorongan, dan nafsu seksual.”

Pandangan Freud tentang hakikat perbuatan manusia hanya salah satu pendapat, dan masih banyak pendapat lain yang berbeda. Namun semuanya menginginkan sesuatu yang hakiki, sehingga kalau ada permasalahan akan mudah dipecahkan apabila sudah ditemukan hakikat dari pokok masalah yang dihadapi.

Pengaruh Teknologi Tehadap Keberadaan Filsafat

Sekarang ini, kehidupan manusia tidak bisa lepas dari perkembangan dan hasil teknologi. Teknologi dapat diartikan sebagai penerapan ilmu, seperti teknologi biologi antara lain untuk bidang kedokteran, farmasi, pertanian, dan sebagainya. Namun di sini, teknologi diartikan sebagai hal-hal yang berkaitan denagan temuan-temuan yang berupa peralatan yang membantu manusia utnuk memperlancar dan meningkatkan mutu hidupnya, misalnya alat-alat elektronik yang dipakai dalam rumah tangga, bermacam-macam alat transportasi, alat pembantu pendidikan, komputer, alat komunikasi, dan sebagainya. Temuan dan perkembangan produk-produk teknologi merupakan hasil penerapan berbagai ilmu yang berkembang sebelumnya. Namun kalau sudah sampai pada permanfaatanya akan bertemu dengan permasalahan filosofis. Misalnya dengan kecanggihan teknologi dimungkinkan apa yang dulu banyak dikerjakan oleh manusia telah diambil alih oleh berbagai alat yang memang akan lebih efektif dan efisien. Akibatnya kalau dulu dan untuk banyak urusan manusia harus berkomunikasi dengan manusia lain, sekarang cukup berhubungan dengan benda-benda mati berupa alat.

Hal seperti ini menimbulkan pertanyaan masih berdayakah filsafat memengaruhi pemanfaatan hasil teknologi? Misalnya menyangkut penting tidaknya manusia bertemu manusia lain untuk mempertahankan dan mengebangkan kemanusiaanya. Artinya ada yang mengkhawatirkan kemanusiaan manusia akan berkurang atau hilang akibat tidak bertemunya manusia yang satu dengan manusia lain, terutama dalam kegiatan pendidikan dan pembelajaran. Atau mungkin dijawab sudah tidak perlu unsur kemanusiaan dalam kehidupan manusia?

Kasus di berbagai negara yang maju teknologinya adalah banyaknya orang yang bosan denga teknologi dan memilih hidup yang dianggap lebih natural. Mereka menjadi “gelandangan” yang bukan akibat kemiskinan harta, tetapi akibat kemiskinan nilai kemanusiaan dan inilah yang suatu waktu disebut kelompok hippie. Masih perlukah manusia bertemu dengan manusia lain dengan hiasan senyum, keramahan, sopan santun, sikap saling menghormati, dan sebaginya. Ataukah yang penting semua urusan selesai dengan cepat, praktis dan hasilnya memuaskan? Dua pertanyaan terakhir ini tidak dapat dijwab dengan krieria ilmiah dan teknologi. Jawabanya bergantung pada sudut pandang yang dipakai untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Dan ini adalah persoalan filsafat. Pandangan filosofis manusia dapat berubah karena perkembangan teknologi.

Dengan perkembangan teknologi, mungkin saja orang yang semula mengikuti paham idealistis berubah menjadi berpandangan pragmatis. Perubahan bisa terjadi pada seseirang atau mungkin pada waktu pergantian generasi. Orang yang semula mempertahankan kesucian sebelum menikah mungkin saja akan berubah pendapatanya bahwa yang penting tidak akan ketahuan aibnya oleh orang lain. Dan orang itu lalu menggunakan hasil teknologi yang berupa alat kontrasepsi.

Friday, May 15, 2015

MIracles Of The Qur'an

Miracles of The Qur'an

UNDERSTANDING THE MIRACLE QUR'AN

Holy book the Qur'an is the word of Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad as a guide for mankind. The Qur'an is the everlasting miracle that proves the truth of the minutes of the Prophet Muhammad. Etymologically derived from the word miracle a'jaza-yu'jizu-I'jaz means to weaken or incapacitated. Culprit or fa'il ism (which weakens) called mu; jiz. culprit or fa'il ism (which weakens) called mu'jiz. Supplement ta 'marbuthah terminated so that it becomes your word; Jizah shows mubalaghah (superlative) means a very debilitating. The terminology is meant by miracle or I'jaz Qur'an is the inability of anyone to answer the challenge of the Qur'an as evidence of the Minutes of the Prophet Muhammad. Qur'an against anyone, neither man nor jinn, to make the holy book like the Koran. Al-Qur'an challenge was delivered in three phases:
First:The Qur'an challenged anyone to make such Al-Qur'a intact. Allah says:"Say: 'If mankind and jinn come together to produce the like of this Qur'an, they would not be able to make something similar with him, even if they were helpers one to another." (Surat al-Isra' 17 : 88)
Second:
Qur'an defy anyone to make such Qur'an 10 letters only. Allah says:"In fact, they say," He has been making up the Qur'an, "Say:" (If so), then bring ten letters made-up are equal it, and call an able people (match) besides Allah , if ye are truthful. "If they were you call it does not accept your claim (invitation) was then know, in fact the Qur'an was revealed by Allah's knowledge, and that there is no god but Him, then you go surrendered (to Allah)? " (Q.S. Hud 11:13)

Third:The Qur'an challenged anyone to make such Qur'an only one letter. Allah says:"Or (why have) they say" Muhammad invented it. "Say:" (If it is true that ye say), then try to bring a fully letter and call an anyone-anyone who can you call (to make it) besides Allah, if ye the righteous. "(Surah Yunus 10:38)

"And if you (still) dala doubts about the Qur'an which we reveal unto Our slave (Muhammad), create one letter (only) that such Qur'an and invite your helpers besides Allah, if ye people are right. So if you can not make (it) - and you would not be able to make (it), guard yourselves from the Fire whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the disbelievers. " (Q.S. Al-Baqarah2: 23-24)

Saturday, May 9, 2015

Al-Qur'an Collection During Rasulullah SAW.

Al-QUR'AN COLLECTION DURING RASULULLAH SAW

When the Qur'an was revealed, the Prophet Muhammad soon learns to memorize because for him personally, that's the only way to preserve the Qur'an. God has given the grace to him who is not given to anyone that is an automatic ability to read, memorize and understand the Qur'an. (Surat Al-Qiyamah 75: 16-19)
Besides, the Prophet recited verses down it to the revelation writers appointed by the Prophet himself.. And then the verses in the spread disseminated by a good friend to both fellow friends and other Muslims.
The companions vying to memorize verses revealed. They help each other and divide the rote. So that the number of those who memorize the Qur'an are innumerable. Among Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Sa'ad, Ibn Mas'ud, Huzaifah, Maula Salim Abi Hudhayfah, Abu Hurairah, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas, Amr ibn Ash, Abdullah ibn Amr, Mu'awiya ibn Zubair, Abdullah bin Saib, Aisha, Hafsah, Umm Salamah (everything from immigrants), Ubaiyya ibn Ka'b, Muadh ibn Jabal, Zaid ibn Thabit, Abu Darda, Anas ibn Malik, Abu Zaiddan others from the group penghafal.
Many friends who memorize the Qur'an is not surprising because: (1) has traditionally they're used to memorize, (2) they are very loving Qur'an (3) because the facility mesih tlis-writing is very limited. And even today the Arabs still maintain the tradition of memorization. 
Sebgaimana already mentioned above, each time the verses down the Prophet dictated the revelation writers who have been designated Special for it. Not only mendiktikan also a member of the Prophet's instructions letakayat where, namely on the instructions tartib wa al-verse as-barrier. Ibn Abbas said: "If the letter was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, he calls some writers revelation then ordered:" letekan this letter, so-so "(HR. Tirmidhi).
Media is in use at the time was simple, even sober, keeping in writing that the facilities are very limited. For example midrib Dates, thin stones, animal skins, leaves, and others.
The authors illustrious revelations at that time, among others: Abu Bakr as-shidiq, Umar bin Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali bin Abi Talib, Mu'awiya bin Abi Syufyan, Zaid ibn Thabit, Ubayya ibn Ka'b, Khalid ibn Walid , and Thabit ibn Qais. There is to be a writer revelation of the period of Mecca and Medina.
The author covers the Companions of Al-ahruf As-sa'bah as the Qur'an was revealed, which covers in his recitations nashkan (mansukh at-recitations), most simply by Kahbar bully, and its authors are not arranged according to the sequence of letters and verse and not collected in the Manuscripts or shuhuf.
Why in the Age of the Prophet, the Qur'an was not compiled in one codex? To answer these questions, Az-Zarqani suggests several reasons: (1) Muslims not need it because the Qura 'many, rote precedence over writing, stationery very limited, and more importantly the Apostles still living as a Top referrals. (2) The Qur'an was revealed gradually over approximately 23 years, and still perhaps the verses that would dinashkh by Allah, and (3) the composition of verses and letters Qur'an it is not based on chronological downs.  

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION MODERN TURKEY : From Westernization to secularization

 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION MODERN TURKEY

After the 1453 epidemic seize Constantinople, Turkey appears to be a large State-organized, hierarchical and efficient that its prosperity and culture rivaling abasiah. The combination of high-quality officials and army terlati and discipline, Turkey managed to control territories stretching from the Danube to the Persian Gulf and of grassland ukraine to the north behind the line of Egyptian upstream, Including the power turkey, regions along the route is important in the trade the sea, which covers the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean and parts section. With the imperial capital Istanbul, Constantinople new designation, residents of the Turkish empire spread in 20 races and nations of not less than 50 million people (1) .As long as two abda Turkey becomes a threat to Christian Europe. However, kekalaan year off in 1683, a turning point yagng merupakam regarded as a victory against the European Christians (Muslims) turkey. Kekalaan is showing weakness and decadence Turkish army also marks the shift of power into the hands of Europe.

This fact partially realized something mambahayakan for the sustainability of the State as a solution, Turkey must accept the idea of ​​the adoption of European progress. (2) thus the attitude of the government to initiate reform Westernization is a consequence of the task of keeping the State, not in response to pressure from the public. The result is a series of military reform, administration, education, economics, law, and social highly dipngaruhi by western ideas. Base traditional Islam and the Muslim community legitimas slowly changing in line with the disekulerkannya ideology, law, and political and social institutions.

George Lenezonwski, timur tengah di kancah dunia. Terj Asgar Bixby(Bandung: Sinar Baru  Algesindo,1993)hlm 1-3, John. L .Esposito ,Ancaman islam : Mitos atau realitas ? terj. AlwiyahAbdurahman dan Missi (Bandung:Mizan,1995)

REFORM IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION

Future new order (Nijam-I-Jedid) Updates are performed by Sultan Selim III, One in the field of education that the public school was established in the area, like Mektep-Maarif (pengentahuan public schools) and maktebi Ulum-u Edebiye (school Literature), the first school that prepares students to become administrative heart while the latter became a translator.

Although Madrasahtradisional still be recognized, general knowledge and some practical skills in the input into the curriculum. At the college level is high, in addition to establishing the Military Academy and sending students to the French, English, Persian, and Australia Mahmud also founded a school of Engineering, School of Medicine, and the School and the School of surgery. In 1838 the school of medicine and surgery in the united school. In 1847 Sultan Abdul Majid, the successor Mahmud, allowing human corpses in use in the practice of autopsy and dissection.

The schools are established, students in kenalkandengan modern Western ideas and philosophy of free will through the Turkish language books in the library. Availability of books in the possible translation bureau said services, which are established for the purposes of international correspondence State. Government newspaper Takvim-I Vekayi, which was established in 1831 Mahmud very big influence in spreading modern western mind pikira-west kepda generation to generation of Young Turks. Mustapa Sami, one of the editors, very kegum with western civilization that did not hesitate to criticize the customs of the East. In the consideration, Western progress based on science, freedom of religion, patriotism and equitable education.

Abdurahman Dudung, Sejarah peradaban Islam ; dari masa klasik hongga modern(Yogyakarta Fak. Adab. 2002)

 



 

MERASA AMAN DARI SIKSA ALLAH سبحانه و تعالى DAN MEREMEHKAN DOSA

MERASA AMAN DARI SIKSA ALLAH سبحانه و تعالى DAN MEREMEHKAN DOSA Setiap dosa yang dilakukan oleh setiap hamba baik itu dosa kecil maup...